GPT-2

GPT-2 is a decoder-only model, with good capability on text generation tasks.

• GPT-2 uses BPE to tokenize words into word tokens.
  • "playing" => ["play", "ing"]
• Word tokens are mapped to token IDs then to word embeddings.
  • ["play", "ing"] => [1234, 6543] => [[...], [...]]
  • The word “embeddings” here is somewhat close to the word embeddings in traditional Language modeling, although the embeddings training is part of the model training instead trained elsewhere.
• The positional encoding are added, which indicate the position of each token.
• The embeddings are passed through multiple decoder blocks to derive the final hidden state.
  • Each decoder block contains:
    • Masked multi-head self-attention layer with future token masked
    • Skip Connection and Sum Layer
    • Layer Normalization
    • Feed-Forward Layer
    • Skip Connection and Sum Layer
    • Layer Normalization
• The last hidden state is passed to a language modeling head to convert it to logits, which would be the ID of the next token in the sequence.
• The loss function used is Cross-Entropy Loss.